ABSTRACT
The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.
O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P <0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa, tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Animals , Ticks , Columbidae/parasitology , Diptera , Phthiraptera , Mites , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Abstract Birds of prey harbor a wide spectrum of various parasites, mostly with a heteroxenous life cycle. However, most reports on their parasites come from Europe. Although the Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a widespread species in America, parasitological surveys on this hawk are mostly focused on coprological findings and ectoparasites, with poor attention paid to helminths. The aim of this study was to gather new and additional data on host-parasite associations for the Harris's hawk. Twenty-nine birds from central and southern Chile were necropsied. Further, nine birds from a rehabilitation center and 22 museum specimens were inspected for ectoparasites. Sixty-eight percent of birds hosted at least one parasite species. Four lice species, one mite species and eight helminth species (five nematodes, two platyhelminthes and one acanthocephalan) were recorded. Parasitic lice Colpocephalum nanum and Nosopon chanabense, and a nematode Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana were recorded for the first time in raptors from the Neotropics. A feather mite, Pseudalloptinus sp., nematodes, Physaloptera alata and Microtetrameres sp., and a trematode Neodiplostomim travassosi, were recorded for the first time in Chile. The presence of diverse heteroxenous helminths reported here in the Harris's hawk could be explained by the generalist diet of this raptor.
Resumo As aves de rapina representam uma fonte importante de parasitas heteroxenos. Porém, a maioria dos relatos são da Europa. O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no continente Americano, porém estudos parasitológicos nessas aves têm documentado achados coprológicos e ectoparasitas, com poucos relatos sobre endoparasitas como helmintos. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever novas associações parasita-hospedeiro para o gavião-asa-de-telha e rapinantes neotropicais. Vinte nove aves provenientes do centro e sul do Chile foram submetidas à necropsia. Por outro lado, nove aves de um centro de reabilitação e 22 espécimes de museu foram inspecionados em busca de ectoparasitas. Do total de aves, 68,3% foram identificadas como portadoras de pelo menos uma espécie de parasita. Quatro espécies de piolhos, um ácaro e oito helmintos (cinco nematoides, dois platelmintos e um acantocéfalo) foram registrados. Os piolhos Colpocephalum nanum, Nosopon chanabense e o nematóide Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana são reportados pela primeira vez em rapinantes neotropicais. Colpocephalum nanum, N. chanabense, Pseudalloptinus sp., Physaloptera alata, Microtetrameres sp., C. (H.) americana e Neodiplostomim travassosi, são reportados pela primeira vez no Chile. A diversidade de helmintos heteróxenos, identificados neste trabalho, poderia ser explicada devido à dieta geralista do gavião-asa-de-telha.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Hawks/parasitology , Helminths/physiology , Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology , Phthiraptera/physiology , Mites/physiology , Platyhelminths/isolation & purification , Autopsy/veterinary , Tropical Climate , Beak/parasitology , Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Prevalence , Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary , Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology , Age and Sex Distribution , Acanthocephala/isolation & purification , Feathers/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology , Nematoda/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Abstract Ectoparasites of 18 free-living Cuban Ground Doves, Columbina passerina insularis (Columbiformes: Columbidae), captured in the National Zoological Park, Havana, Cuba, were identified. The collected ectoparasites included two species of lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): Columbicola passerinae (77.1%), and Physconelloides eurysema (50%), as well as four species of feather mites (Astigmata: Falculiferidae): Pterophagus lomatus (83.3%), Byersalges talpacoti (50%), Byersalges phyllophorus (72.2%), and Hyperaspidacarus tridentatus (27.7%). Pterophagus lomatus, B. phyllophorus, and H. tridentatus represent new records for Cuba.
Resumo Foram identificados os ectoparasitas de 18 rolinhas-cinzentas de vida livre, Columbina passerina insularis (Columbiformes: Columbidae), capturadas no Parque Zoológico Nacional de Havana, Cuba. Os ectoparasitas coletados pertencem à duas espécies de piolhos (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): Columbicola passerinae (77,1%) e Physconelloides eurysema (50%), bem como à quatro espé cies de ácaros de pena (Astigmata: Falculiferidae): Pterophagus lomatus (83,3%), Byersalges talpacoti (50%), Byersalges phyllophorus (72,2%) e Hyperaspidacarus tridentatus (27,7%). Pterophagus lomatus, B. phyllophorus e H. tridentatus representam novos registros para Cuba.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Phthiraptera , Columbidae , Cuba , ColumbiformesABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to report, for the first time, the occurrence of the hippoboscid fly Ornithoctona erythrocephala on a red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata). A Diptera specimen was found among the feathers of a free-living red-legged seriema, which was referred to necropsy at the Wild Animal Pathology Service, UNESP Jaboticabal. The fly was collected, stored in absolute alcohol, and shipped to the Institute of Biosciences of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul for proper identification. Based on morphological characters, the specimen was identified as a female of Ornithoctona erythrocephala. This study provides a report on a new host for O. erythrocephala.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever pela primeira vez a ocorrência da mosca Hippoboscidae Ornithoctona erythrocephala em uma seriema (Cariama cristata). Um espécime de díptero foi encontrado entre as penas de dessa ave, que havia sido encaminhada para necropsia ao Serviço de Patologia de Animais Selvagens, UNESP, Jaboticabal. A mosca foi armazenada em álcool absoluto e enviada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul para identificação por um especialista. Baseado em características morfológicas, o espécime foi identificado como fêmea de Ornithoctona erythrocephala. Este relato oferece a descrição de um novo hospedeiro para O. erythrocephala.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Bird Diseases , Diptera , Phthiraptera , Birds , Animals, WildABSTRACT
Abstract Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biobío region and one specimen from the Valparaíso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.
Resumo No Chile, informações sobre parasitas associados a aves de rapina diurnas são escassas. Entre os anos 2006 e 2017, um total de 15 espécimes do Falcão Variável Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) mortos, foram examinados, 14 deles provenientes de diferentes localidades da região do Biobío e um espécime na região de Valparaíso. Um exame externo da plumagem foi feito para coletar os ectoparasitas e necropsias do tracto gastrointestinal para coleta de endoparasitas. Cinco aves (33,3%) foram positivas para três espécies de piolhos (Phthiraptera): 97 espécimes de Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), seis espécimes de Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 e nove espécimes não identificados do gênero Craspedorrhynchus Keler, 1938. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em três aves (20%), incluindo vermes redondos (Nematoda) do gênero Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, e vermes achatados (Acanthocephala) do gênero Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. As espécies Colpocephalum turbinatum e os dos gêneros Craspedorrhynchus, Centrorhynchus e Procyrnea corresponderam a novos registros para o Falcão Variável.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Hawks/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Acanthocephala/classification , Phthiraptera/classification , Nematoda/classification , Chile , Acanthocephala/isolation & purification , Nematoda/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Phthirapteraare lice highly adapted to living as permanent and obligatory ectoparasites of birds and mammals. High infestations by biting lice contribute to the low productivity, loss quality of the eggs, besides weight decrease of chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and to characterize the risks involved with the presence of biting lice in laying chicken from Minas Gerais, Brazil, throught a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). A secondary database with information regarding 402 chicken houses from 42 properties of laying hens from the same region was used and adapted for this study. The variables that composed the correspondence model were selected through Chi-square tests (p ≤ 0.05). A risk index was designed to relate the presence of biting lice out of variables such as risk factors related to the presence of these ectoparasites. The MCA graphic designed to conduct the epidemiological characterization of the presence of biting lice presented a Chi-square accumulated value of 53.59%. There was an association between the risk index and the synanthropic birds, subsistence hens, presence of lice and other ectoparasites in shelters and ectoparasites control. These results provide knowledge about the Phthirapteraepidemiology. Besides that, this information may contribute to the decision-making process in order to reduce the risk of possible infestations in poultry farms and the negative effects of the infestations.
Subject(s)
Poultry/parasitology , Epidemiologic Factors , Risk Factors , Lice Infestations/epidemiology , PhthirapteraABSTRACT
Abstract: Pigeon lice are insects that feed on feathers of these birds; their life cycle includes egg, nymph and adult and they may cause dermatoses in humans. Four persons of the same family, living in an urban area, presented with widespread intensely pruritic erythematous papules. A great number of lice were seen in their house, which moved from a nest of pigeons located on the condenser of the air-conditioning to the dormitory of one of the patients. Even in urban environments, dermatitis caused by parasites of birds is a possibility in cases of acute prurigo simplex. Pigeon lice are possible etiological agents of this kind of skin eruption, although they are often neglected, even by dermatologists.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Child , Middle Aged , Lice Infestations , Columbidae/parasitology , Prurigo/parasitology , Phthiraptera/pathogenicity , Acrodermatitis/parasitology , Acrodermatitis/pathology , Acute DiseaseABSTRACT
Os autores relatam a ocorrência de Acidoproctus rostratus (Rudow, 1866), Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister, 1838), Trinoton aculeatum (Piaget, 1885), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758) e Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) em Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) e Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766); Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) em D. bicolor e Anaticola chaetodens (Eichler, 1954) em D. viduata . Diferenças significativas na prevalência foram encontradas entre T. aculeatum e T. querquedulae , tanto em D. bicolor quanto em D. viduata , sendo esse achado caracterizado como um evento potencial de colonização. Outras diferenças também foram encontradas para a prevalência e a abundância média de Anatoecus spp. entre D. bicolor e D. viduata. A ocorrência de Trinoton querquedulae em D. bicolor e D. viduata , de Anatoecus dentatus em D. bicolor e de Anaticola chaetodens em D. viduata ¸caracteriza novos hospedeiros para essas espécies de piolhos.(AU)
The authors report the occurrence of Acidoproctus rostratus (Rudow, 1866), Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister, 1838), Trinoton aculeatum (Piaget, 1885), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) in Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) and Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766); Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) in D. bicolor and Anaticola chaetodens (Eichler, 1954) in D. viduata . Significant differences in the prevalence were found between T. aculeatum and T. querquedulae in D. bicolor as well as D. viduata , which is characterized as a potential event of colonization. Significant differences were also found for the prevalence and mean abundance of Anatoecus spp. between D. bicolor and D. viduata. The occurrence of Trinoton querquedulae in D. bicolor and D. viduata , of Anatoecus dentatus in D. bicolor and Anaticola chaetodens in D. viduata characterize new hosts species to these species of lice.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasites , Anseriformes/parasitology , Phthiraptera , Lice InfestationsABSTRACT
Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestation is an important public health problem in Egypt. Inadequate application of topical pediculicides and the increasing resistance to the commonly used pediculicides made the urgent need for the development of new agents able to induce irreversible changes in the exposed lice leading to their mortality. The aim of the present work is to evaluate pediculicidal efficacy of some natural products such as olive oil, tea tree oil, lemon juice, and ivermectin separately in comparison with tetramethrin-piperonyl butoxide (licid), as a standard pediculicide commonly used in Egypt. The effects of these products were evaluated by direct observation using dissecting and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Results showed that after 1 hr exposure time in vitro, absolute (100%) mortalities were recorded after exposure to 1% ivermectin and fresh concentrate lemon juice. The mortalities were decreased to 96.7% after exposure to tea tree oil. Very low percentage of mortality (23.3%) was recorded after 1 hr of exposure to extra virgin olive oil. On the other hand, the reference pediculicide (licid) revealed only mortality rate of 93.3%. On the contrary, no mortalities were recorded in the control group exposed to distilled water. By SEM examination, control lice preserved outer smooth architecture, eyes, antenna, respiratory spiracles, sensory hairs, and legs with hook-like claws. In contrast, dead lice which had been exposed to pediculicidal products showed damage of outer smooth architecture, sensory hairs, respiratory spiracles and/or clinching claws according to pediculicidal products used.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biological Products , Egypt , Hair , Hand , Hoof and Claw , In Vitro Techniques , Ivermectin , Leg , Mortality , Olive Oil , Pediculus , Phthiraptera , Plant Extracts , Plants , Public Health , Tea Tree Oil , WaterABSTRACT
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) that parasitize the globally threatened swan goose Anser cygnoides have been long recognized since the early 19th century, but those records were probably biased towards sampling of captive or domestic geese due to the small population size and limited distribution of its wild hosts. To better understand the lice species parasitizing swan geese that are endemic to East Asia, we collected chewing lice from 14 wild geese caught at 3 lakes in northeastern Mongolia. The lice were morphologically identified as 16 Trinoton anserinum (Fabricius, 1805), 11 Ornithobius domesticus Arnold, 2005, and 1 Anaticola anseris (Linnaeus, 1758). These species are known from other geese and swans, but all of them were new to the swan goose. This result also indicates no overlap in lice species between older records and our findings from wild birds. Thus, ectoparasites collected from domestic or captive animals may provide biased information on the occurrence, prevalence, host selection, and host-ectoparasite interactions from those on wild hosts.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bias , Birds , Asia, Eastern , Geese , Lakes , Mastication , Mongolia , Phthiraptera , Population Density , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) that parasitize the globally threatened swan goose Anser cygnoides have been long recognized since the early 19th century, but those records were probably biased towards sampling of captive or domestic geese due to the small population size and limited distribution of its wild hosts. To better understand the lice species parasitizing swan geese that are endemic to East Asia, we collected chewing lice from 14 wild geese caught at 3 lakes in northeastern Mongolia. The lice were morphologically identified as 16 Trinoton anserinum (Fabricius, 1805), 11 Ornithobius domesticus Arnold, 2005, and 1 Anaticola anseris (Linnaeus, 1758). These species are known from other geese and swans, but all of them were new to the swan goose. This result also indicates no overlap in lice species between older records and our findings from wild birds. Thus, ectoparasites collected from domestic or captive animals may provide biased information on the occurrence, prevalence, host selection, and host-ectoparasite interactions from those on wild hosts.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bias , Birds , Asia, Eastern , Geese , Lakes , Mastication , Mongolia , Phthiraptera , Population Density , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Aspectos relacionados com a epidemiologia de Lipeurus caponis foram estudados com o objetivo de determinar os principais fatores de risco para a ocorrência deste ectoparasito em granjas avícolas de postura no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Quatrocentos e trinta e um galpões de granjas de postura comerciais foram visitados no ano de 2012 para a coleta de amostras de ectoparasitos. Também foi aplicado um questionário sobre características ambientais e de manejo utilizado nos galpões de criação das aves. L. caponis foi encontrado em quatro dos 431 galpões estudados (0,92%). Os principais determinantes epidemiológicos foram investigados utilizando-se testes de Qui-quadrado, testes exatos de Fisher e modelos multivariados de regressão de Poisson. O tipo de instalação obteve uma Razão de Prevalência igual a 51,56, o que sugere que aves criadas sobre o solo possuem maior risco de infestação por L. caponis do que aves mantidas em gaiolas. Também foi verificado que a linhagem genética das galinhas foi um fator de risco e, provavelmente, algumas linhagens são mais predispostas a infestações. Além disso, a presença de criações de subsistência de galinhas domésticas nas adjacências dos galpões avícolas aumentou consideravelmente o risco de ocorrência de infestações por L. caponis nas galinhas poedeiras de granjas comerciais no estado de Minas Gerais.
Aspects related to the epidemiology of Lipeurus caponis were studied in order to determine the main risk factors for the occurrence of this ectoparasite in commercial laying hen flocks in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, analytical and sectional study was conducted for verifying these factors. Four hundred thirty-one laying poultry flocks were visited in 2012 year to ectoparasite sampling collection and application of a questionnaire about environmental and management characteristics in chicken houses. L. caponis was found in four of the 431 studied chicken houses (0.92%). The main epidemiological determinants for the occurrence of L. caponis were investigated using Chi-square Test, Fisher's Exact Test and multivariate Poisson regression models. Type of facilities obtained an Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) equal to 51.56, suggesting that poultry bred on the ground have a higher risk of infestation by L. caponis than fowls kept in cages. Also it was observed that chicken's genetic lineage was a marginal risk factor (IRR=1.8) and probably some lineages are more predisposed to infestations. Moreover, the presence of subsistence breeding of domestic chickens around the chicken houses (IRR= 106.89) increases extensively the risk of occurrence of infestations by L. caponis in commercial laying hen flocks from the State of Minas Gerais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens , Epidemiology , Ectoparasitic Infestations , Ischnocera , PhthirapteraABSTRACT
Chewing lice were collected from small shorebirds (Charadriformes: Scolopacidae) overwintering in foraging grounds of coastal Ecuador. On 27 occasions at least one louse (3.7%) was collected from six host species. Based on external morphological characters, at least two species of chewing lice could be preliminary identified (family: Menoponidae), including Actornithophilus umbrinus (Burmeister, 1842) and Austromenopon sp. A. umbrinus was found in the Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri), Least Sandpiper (C. minutilla), Stilt Sandpiper (C. himantopus), Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) and Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), while Austromenopon sp. is presumably the first record collected from the Surfbird (Aphriza virgata). These findings indicate that the distribution of these chewing lice species covers at least the regions around the equator (latitude 0°) until the Arctic in the north, but probably also includes the entire winter distribution area of the host species. This is the first study of chewing lice from Ecuador's mainland coast and more research is required to understand the host-parasite ecology and ectoparasitic infection in shorebirds stopping over the region.
Piolhos mastigadores foram coletados em pequenas aves marinhas (Charadriformes: Scolopacidae) que invernavam na zona de forrageamento na costa do Equador. Em 27 ocasiões, pelo menos um piolho (3,7%) foi coletado em seis espécies de hospedeiros. Com base em caracteres morfológicos externos, pelo menos duas espécies de piolhos mastigadores foram preliminarmente identificados (família: Menoponidae), incluindo Actornithophilus umbrinus (Burmeister, 1842) e Austromenopon sp. A. umbrinus foi encontrado em Pilrito-miudo (Calidris mauri), Pilrito-anão (C. minutilla), Pilrito-pernilongo (C. himantopus), Borrelho-semipalmado (Charadrius semipalmatus) e o Falaropo de Wilson (Phalaropus tricolor), enquanto Austromenopon sp. é, presumivelmente, o primeiro registro coletado na Ave-Surfista (Aphriza virgata). Esses resultados indicam que a distribuição dessas espécies de piolhos mastigadores abrange pelo menos as regiões ao redor do Equador (latitude 0°) até o Ártico, no Norte, mas provavelmente também inclui toda a área de distribuição de inverno essas espécies hospedeiras. Este é o primeiro estudo de piolhos de aves marinhas da área continental do Equador e mais pesquisas são necessárias para compreender a ecologia parasita-hospedeiro e ectoparasitose destas aves que invernam na região.
Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/parasitology , Phthiraptera/physiology , Animal Migration , Ecuador , SeasonsABSTRACT
Diversity of Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) at the National Natural Park Gorgona (Pacific Ocean, Colombia). Psocopterans are insects that have been recorded from all zoogeographic regions but have more species in the tropics. We studied their diversity of in four habitats (Beaches, Village, Trails and Arboreal strata) at the Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia, from samples collected during November 2009 and October 2010. We added the arboreal Psocoptera collected by canopy fogging in November 2007. The specimens collected were identified to genus and/or to species or morphospecies level. Comparisons were made of the richness and diversity among sites. Although there was no significant difference in the diversity estimated by the Shannon-Wiener index, high species richness and abundance were recorded for the Beaches and Village habitats. The psocid community of Gorgona occurs mainly where vegetation cover is low. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 257-264. Epub 2014 February 01.
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo establecer la diversidad de Psocoptera en cuatro hábitats (Playas, Poblado, Senderos y Estratos arbóreos) del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, Colombia. Se realizaron dos campañas de recolecta durante los meses de noviembre de 2009 y octubre de 2010, con un total de 30 horas/hombre. Se revisó además el material de artrópodos arbóreos del muestreo realizado en el parque en noviembre de 2007, depositado en el Museo de Entomología de la Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV). Los especímenes recolectados en los cuatro sitios, se identificaron como mínimo a nivel de género, y posteriormente se cuantificaron para comparar la riqueza específica y diversidad entre los sitios. Aunque no hubo diferencia significativa en la diversidad estimada por el índice de Shannon-Wiener, se registró una alta riqueza de especies y abundancia para los hábitats Playas y Poblado. Se observó una tendencia de los Psocoptera del PNN Gorgona a ocupar espacios donde la cubierta vegetal es baja.
Subject(s)
Insecta/classification , Phthiraptera , Anoplura , ColombiaABSTRACT
The Psocoptera fauna of Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombian pacific, consists of 75 species in 42 genera and 21 families. 1 730 specimens were collected in the period November 2007-June 2011. Five families, 20 genera and nine species are new records for Colombia, and two genera and ten species are new to science. The psocid fauna of the island constitutes an extension of the continental fauna. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 243-256. Epub 2014 February 01.
La fauna de Psocoptera (Psocodea) del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, consiste de 75 especies en 42 géneros y 21 familias. 1 730 especimenes fueron recolectados en el periodo entre noviembre de 2007 y junio de 2011. Cinco familias, 20 géneros y nueve especies son nuevos registros para Colombia, y dos géneros y diez especies son nuevos para la ciencia. La fauna de Psocoptera de la isla constituye una extensión de la fauna continental.
Subject(s)
Species Specificity , Phthiraptera/anatomy & histology , Phthiraptera/classification , ColombiaABSTRACT
This study was conducted in order to identify the species of biting lice (order Phthiraptera: Amblycera suborders and Ischnocera) that infest free-range chickens in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifty adult females from 10 farms located in 5 different municipalities were examined for ectoparasites. The chickens were euthanized and then washed with water and detergent for the collection of ectoparasites by filtration using a 150-µm mesh sieve, then separated into pellet and supernatant, which were preserved in ethanol 70% for the screening procedures and identification. A total of 19,437 lice were examined, presenting the following breakdown by species: Menopon gallinae (85.9%), Goniodes dissimilis (6.1%), Lipeurus caponis (3.0%), Goniocotes gallinae (2.5%), Menacanthus pallidus (2.1%) and Menacanthhus stramineus (0.1%). It was found that all the chickens examined were parasitized by one or more species of Phthiraptera, the multiple and moderate level of infestation (101 to 1,000 lice/chicken) being the most frequent. M. gallinae was the most frequent and abundant species (100% of the chickens parasitized and an average of 334.1 lice/chicken). The degree of infestation of chickens varied among the farms, averaging 41.2 to 680 lice/chicken.
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de conhecer os piolhos (ordem Phthiraptera: Subordens Amblycera e Ischnocera) infestantes de galinhas de criações coloniais no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Cinquenta fêmeas adultas foram examinadas, de 10 propriedades rurais localizadas em 5 diferentes municípios. As aves foram eutanasiadas e posteriormente lavadas com água e detergente para coleta dos ectoparasitos através de filtragem por passagem em tamis com malha de 150 µm, separando-se em sedimento e sobrenadante, os quais foram preservados em etanol 70% até os processos de triagem e identificação. Cerca de 19.437 piolhos foram examinados e apresentaram a seguinte composição específica: os resultados indicam que a fauna de Phthiraptera em galinhas caipiras na região é composta por: Menopon gallinae (85,9%), Goniodes dissimilis (6,1%), Lipeurus caponis (3,0%), Goniocotes gallinae (2,5%), Menacanthus pallidus (2,1%) e Menacanthus stramineus (0,1%). Constatou-se que todas as aves examinadas estavam parasitadas por uma ou mais espécies de Phthiraptera, com predomínio de infestações múltiplas e moderadas (101 a 1.000 piolhos/ave). M. gallinae é a espécie mais prevalente e abundante (100% das aves parasitadas e média de 334,1 espécimes/ave). O grau de infestação das aves variou entre as propriedades, com médias de 41,2 a 680 piolhos/ave.
Subject(s)
Animals , Phthiraptera , Chickens , PoultryABSTRACT
Thirty-two specimens of Columbina picui (picui ground-dove) were examined, and a collection of arthropods was made by washing the external surface of the body and the nasal cavity. The species in the order Phthiraptera found and their respective prevalences, mean abundance and mean intensity were: Columbicola passerinae (84.4%; 10.3; 12.2), Hohorstiella passerinae (21.9%; 0.7; 3.1) and Physconelloides eurysema (3.1%; 0.1; 2). The gamasid mites found in the birds and their respective prevalences, mean abundance and mean intensity were: Pellonyssus marui (31.3%; 1.2; 3.9), Ornithonyssus bursa (15.6%; 0.2. ;1.2) and Mesonyssus sp. (6.3%; 0.1; 1). Columbicola passerinae, H. passerinae, P. eurysema, O. bursa, P. marui and Mesonyssus sp. were recorded for the first time infecting C. picui in Brazil. Except for O. bursa, the other species are reported for the first time in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Foram examinados 32 espécimes de Columbina picui (rolinha-picui), sendo que a coleta de artrópodes foi realizada por meio de lavagem da superfície externa do corpo e da cavidade nasal. As espécies da ordem Phthiraptera encontradas e suas respectivas prevalências, abundância média e intensidade média foram: Columbicola passerinae (84,4%; 10,3; 12,2), Hohorstiella passerinae (21,9%; 0,7; 3,1) e Physconelloides eurysema (3,1%; 0,1; 2). Os ácaros Gamasida encontrados nas aves e suas respectivas prevalências, abundância média e intensidade média foram: Pellonyssus marui (31,3%; 1,2; 3,9), Ornithonyssus bursa (15,6%; 0,2; 1,2) e Mesonyssus sp. (6,3%; 0,1; 1). Columbicola passerinae, H. passerinae, P. eurysema, O. bursa, P. marui e Mesonyssus sp. são relatados pela primeira vez parasitando C. picui no Brasil. Exceto O. bursa, as demais espécies são relatadas pela primera vez no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bird Diseases/parasitology , Columbidae/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary , Mites/physiology , Phthiraptera/physiology , Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Columbidae/classification , Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Avaliou-se a infestação de piolhos mastigadores (Struthiolipeurus rheae) em emas (Rhea americana) mantidas em um criadouro comercial no estado do Piauí. Foram utilizadas 16 emas, sendo 12 adultas, das quais seis eram machos e seis eram fêmeas. Apenas quatro emas analisadas eram jovens. Coletaram-se, aleatoriamente, duas penas das asas e duas da base do pescoço de cada animal, as quais foram colocadas em sacos plásticos fechados. Posteriormente, os piolhos foram contados, preservados em frascos com álcool etílico 70ºGL, e enviados ao Laboratório de Sanidade Animal da Universidade Federal do Piauí. Nas amostras obtidas das emas adultas, encontrou-se um total de 77 piolhos, sendo a incidência nas penas colhidas das asas, 84,4% (65), significativamente maior do que nas penas da base do pescoço, 15,6% (12). Não foram encontrados piolhos nos animais jovens nascidos em chocadeira. As emas adultas apresentaram um alto grau de infestação por S. rheae. A incubação artificial dos animais evitou a infestação das emas jovens por S. rheae. A alta infestação por S. rheae inviabiliza o aproveitamento comercial das penas de emas. Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de S. rheae em emas no estado do Piauí.
We evaluated the level of infestation of biting lice (Struthiolipeurus rheae) in emus (Rhea americana) kept in a breeding business in the state of Piaui. We used 16 emus, 12 adults, six of them were males and six females. Only four of emus analyzed were young. Were collected randomly, two wings and two feathers of the base of the neck of each animal, which were placed in plastic bags. Later, lice were counted, preserved in jars with alcohol 70ºGL and sent to the Laboratory of Animal Health of Federal University of Piauí for identification. In samples obtained from adult emus, met a total of 77 lice, and the incidence of the wing feathers collected, 84.4% (65), significantly higher than in the feathers of the lower neck, 15.6% (12 ). No lice were found in young animals born in brooder. The adult rheas showed a high degree of infestation by S. rhea. The artificial incubation of the animals prevented the infestation of young emus S. Rhea. The high infestation S. rhea prevents the commercial use of emu feathers. This is the first record of occurrence of S. rhea in rheas in the state of Piaui.